Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer and originates from basal cells (small, round cells) in the lower part of the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin) Although BCC grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body, if left untreated it can cause significant damage to surrounding tissue.
Causes and risk factors:
Main causes:
Ultraviolet (UV) light: damages the DNA of skin cells.
Risk factors:
- White skin: people with fair skin, blonde or red hair, blue or green eyes are at higher risk.
- Age: more common in older people, but young people can also get the disease if they have high sun exposure.
- Gender: more common in men: slightly more common in men than in women.
- Geographical factors: living in sunnier areas or at higher altitudes increases the risk.
- Family history: genetic predisposition may play a role. Arsenic exposure: occupational exposure increases the risk.
- Radiotherapy: previous treatment for other diseases increases susceptibility.
- Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS and drug treatment (e.g. after organ transplantation) may increase the risk.
Symptoms :
- Pearl-like or waxy bumps: usually develop on sun-exposed areas such as the face, neck and ears. Blood vessels may be visible.
- Flat, scaly patches: More likely to appear on the back and chest.
- Non-healing sores: bleed, ooze or crust over and do not heal completely.
- Scar-like areas: white, yellow or waxy, often with indistinct borders.
- Dark lesions: rarely have melanoma-like pigmentation.
Types of basal cell carcinoma:
- Nodular BCC: the most common type. Occurs as pearly, dome-shaped nodules with visible blood vessels.
- Superficial BCC: usually appears as flat scaly plaques on the trunk. It may resemble eczema or psoriasis.
- Sclerosing BCC: appears as scar-like, whitish areas. It is more aggressive and can be difficult to treat.
- Pigmented BCC: contains melanin and can be brown, blue or black in color. It is often confused with melanoma.
- Basal squamous cell carcinoma: Rare hybrid form with features of both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The risk of metastasis is slightly higher.
Diagnosis :
- Physical examination: the dermatologist examines the skin and records the size, shape and texture of the lesion.
- Dermatoscopy: a hand-held device (dermatoscope) is used to more clearly identify skin structures.
- Skin biopsy: shave biopsy: removal of the superficial layer of the lesion.
- Punch biopsy: a small cylindrical sample is taken.
- Extraction biopsy: if small, the entire lesion is removed.
3. Histopathology: The biopsy sample is examined under a microscope to confirm that it is BCC.
Treatment options
The choice of treatment depends on the size, location and type of BCC and the general condition of the patient.
1.Surgical options :
- Excisional surgery: the lesion is excised and healthy tissue is left intact.
- Mohs micrographic surgery:
- best for high-risk areas (face, ears, hands).
- The tumor is removed layer by layer and observed under a microscope until the cancer cells disappear.
Curettage and electrocautery:
- the tumour is scraped out and then cauterized to destroy the remaining cells.
- Suitable for small, low-risk BCC.
2. Non-surgical option:
cryotherapy:
- freezing the lesion with liquid nitrogen.
- Effective for small, superficial BCCs.
Local treatment:
imiquimod cream:
- boosts the immune response to attack cancer cells.
5-fluorouracil (5-FU):
- chemotherapy cream that destroys cancer cells.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT):
- uses light-sensitive drugs activated by laser light to kill cancer cells.
- Suitable for superficial BCC.
3. Radiotherapy:
- used when tumors are large, recur or surgery is not an option.
- Targeted radiation is given to destroy cancer cells.
4. Targeted therapy:
hedgehog pathway inhibitors (for advanced BCC):
vismodegib (Elivedge) and sonidegib (Odomzo):
- Oral drugs that inhibit signaling pathways important for BCC growth.
- It is used when surgery or radiotherapy is not possible.
Prognosis and follow-up :
Prognosis: Good if treated early. The cure rate for small, localized BCCs is over 95%.
Risk of recurrence: Higher in patients with a history of BCC. Regular skin checks (every 6-12 months) are recommended after treatment.
Long-term management Sun protection: comprehensive sun protection, protective clothing, avoidance of peak UV hours. Self-examination for new lesions or skin changes.
Prevention tips :
Sunscreen:
- use sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher every day, even on cloudy days.
- Wear a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses and long-sleeved clothing.
Avoid tanning beds:
- UV radiation from tanning beds significantly increases the risk of skin cancer.
- Regular skin checks: do monthly self-checks and see a dermatologist once a year.
Healthy lifestyle:
- avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Eat a balanced diet high in antioxidants.
Key points :
- Early diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma is important to prevent extensive tissue damage and improve prognosis.
- Sun protection and regular dermatologic check-ups can significantly reduce the risk of BCC.